Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay Example for Free

Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay This chapter looks at Young Goodman Brown from the perspective of the female characters. Baym notes that the protagonists, usually male, reject any sexual relationship with a woman, ordinarily the wife or fiancee (136). Usually, the rejection has a fatal effect on the scorned woman. Baym notes that stories written before 1842 have a female character who is destroyed only by accident not by intention. She notes that Browns departure from Faith was not an intentional act since Brown actually planned on returning to her after the forest trip. But Baym believes that the very act of the man leaving the woman shows the males indifference to the security of their female counterparts. Baym sees the women as being sexual beings and men as sexually frozen (138). She advises that mans lack of sexual desire is what truly kills the woman and allows the man to continue living in a hollow life. Baym quickly assures her readers that her comments do not reflect the real nature of women but about the way in which men imagine them (138). She suggests that Hawthornes men are obsessed with females but the only way they can make any connection with women is through fantasy. Coleman, Arthur. Hawthornes Pragmatic Fantasies. This article looks at the role of fantasy in many of Hawthornes works. There is a very small section devoted to Young Goodman Brown. In general, Coleman focuses on Hawthornes use of fantastic, eerie settings. Young Goodman Brown works as both reality and fantasy because of the distressed mind of Brown which could lead him to imagine bizarre events. Hawthornes question at the end of the story keeps the wondrous events within a sensible realm (362). Easterly, Joan Elizabeth. Lachrymal Imagery in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown. Joan Easterly claims in her article that Goodman Brown is a changed man after his experience in the woods. She notes that Hawthorne demonstrates how Brown, a Puritan, fails the test of his moral and spiritual being. Easterly points out that Brown does not cry after realizing what he has witnessed at the witches commune. By not crying or realizing his inner emotions, Brown cannot progress morally or spiritually. This explains the symbolism that Hawthorne uses throughout the work. For example, the cold drops from the hanging twig as Brown awakes are not a Christian baptism since the water does not sprinkle on his head like in most Christian baptisms (340). The dewdrops represent, according to Easterly, the reproval of Brown and his own wickedness. Browns lack of tears shows that he has no pity or compassion for the witches and therefore he cannot be a true Christian himself. Easterly concludes that Young Goodman Brown is emotionally sterile compared with the emotionally charged witches meeting. Hardt, John S. Doubts in the American Garden: Three Cases of Paradisal Skepticism Three works are discussed in this article: Rip Van Winkle, Young Goodman Brown, and The Fall of the House of Usher. In all of the works, the main characters enter natural or edenic settings only to meet with evil forces. Hardt terms this paradisal skepticism or a retreat from the paradisal ideal with a recognition of limits in human knowledge (249). Most critics characterize these works as portraits of the American experience but instead of man moving from ignorance to knowledge, man accepts that he is not capable of knowing everything. In the section on Young Goodman Brown, Hardt writes that the woods were once the Garden of Eden but have since been contaminated by the serpent (the old man) who is now in control of the wilderness. Browns departure from faith, both literally and figuratively, is a trip towards uncertainty where his knowledge will be tested. Hawthorne allows gaps between what Brown actually sees with his eyes and what he perceives like the serpent-like form of the old mans staff. Hardt advises that both Brown and the narrator have limited knowledge in that neither can decipher whether the witches communion was real or imagined. He concludes by noting that the only true knowledge that Goodman Brown gains after his experience is that he cannot know everything and he does not know everything. Browns lack of certainties affect him as he leaves the forest and begins to question the motives of all of the familiar townspeople. Shear, Walter. Cultural Fate and Social Freedom in Three American Short Stories. Young Goodman Brown, like James The Jolly Corner and Irvings Rip Van Winkle, has a triptych structure. In the first portion, the main character is seen in a detached state from his normal environment. The second section takes the character to an unfamiliar surrounding with bizarre happenings. The last section returns the character to his normal surroundings but in an altered state where the protagonist returns to a different relationship between himself and society. Shear notes two effects produced by this arrangement which are a fast flow into past and present that accents the great space between public and private histories and that history is good for the individual (543). As Goodman Brown leaves Faith, he becomes an individual psychologically. His departure from his wife is not only a symbolic loss of faith, but it is also his leaving behind conventional belief (545). In the woods, Browns religion is absent; therefore the familiar woods are nightmarish. He must struggle with the people in the woods in order to hold on to his morals and values. It is him against society and he is betrayed by that very society. At the end, Goodman Brown leaves the fantasy and returns to normal society. He is more aware of himself and of his relationship with other members of society. Shear says that Brown represents the unstable Puritanism as it decreases in its religious conviction and becomes somewhat hypocritical (547). Browns revulsion of his wife and community represents his own need to psychologically repress his reasons for taking the first step into the forest. Waggoner compares Poes Roderick Usher with Goodman Brown. He says that the difference between the two centers on real morbidity and real health (25). Browns secret guilt leads him into isolation since he becomes bitter because he had been given over to the evil in the world by actively participating in it (92). There is very little overt action and the plot usually consist of some type of journey. Also Waggoner advises that Browns fall from grace is less fortunate than the falls of other Hawthornes protagonists. Browns fall begins when he loses faith in the Puritan principles. From being an Innocent, he became a Cynic and so was lost because he could not accept the world as it really is (210). Williamson, James L. Young Goodman Brown: Hawthornes Devil in Manuscript. Studies in Short Fiction 18 (1981): 155-162. Williamson begins the article by commenting on Hawthornes definition of a good author. He advises that Hawthorne deemed the best writers as those with a little devil in them. Williamson comments on Hawthornes critique of women writers where Hawthorne says, Generally women write like emasculated men; but when they throw off the restraints of decency, and come before the public stark naked, as it were,- then their books are sure to possess character and value (155). Hawthorne means that writers should shed old conventions/traditions in order to write a good story. Williamson compares a main character, Oberon, in The Devil in Manuscript, who gives himself to the devil with Goodman Brown who does not give himself to the devil. Williamson suggests that in Young Goodman Brown there is a connection between the writer and the devil and the writer/speaker is actually a member of the devils party. He writes also that Brown actually meets with three devils: the old man, Goody Cloyse, and the speaker. The speaker is the devil in the manuscript in that he has the ability to make Brown and the reader perceive devilish qualities of the other characters. The often satiric tone of the speaker also hints at his devil-like qualities. This article focuses on works by Sarah Orne Jewett, A White Heron, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown. Zanger discusses the centrality of both stories on New England life. Both stories work well together as Jewetts story carries on the theme of Young Goodman Brown .The structural elements, as well, of both stories are similar. Zanger notes that both protagonists leave at sunset, quickly meet mysterious strangers and then accept the evil givings of the tempter or villian. Both characters revert from their intentions. In Hawthornes story, Brown cries to Faith to resist the evil and in Jewetts story, Sylvy refuses to tell the hunter where the heron nests. Zanger notes that each story ends in deliberate ambiguity (349). In Browns case, Hawthorne leaves the reader questionning whether Browns experience was real or fantasy. He also questions whether Browns cry to refuse the evil was of any value since his life after the woods remains desolate. There are some differences also between the two works that Zanger notes. For example, Jewetts wilderness is real' (350). Hawthorne does not go into detail about the animals in the forest unlike Jewett who specifically describes each one. Also, Jewetts forest is not clouded with evil undertones like the one that Goodman Brown enters. In relation to the individual characters, Brown begins his journey by choice as opposed to Sylvy who feels compelled to find the home of the heron. Zanger refers to Brown as one of the straw men who never questions the devils provocations. He also notes that Brown finally resists the devil based on fear, not faith (354). Zanger accepts the existing conclusion that, in light of the numerous similarities and differences, Jewett wrote A White Heron as a response to Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown.

Implementation of Purchase Orders Workflow Process

Implementation of Purchase Orders Workflow Process 2.2 Research questions Key research questions will be: How important is the implementation of the workflow process within the financial system (SAP)? What weakness or issues are evident in the current process in relation to purchases orders approvals? How efficient is the current approval process and how trustworthy? What are the most important activities the management can take to improve the current process? Does the companys DOA policy align with the current PO process? 2.3 Significance of the project SRG will benefit on having purchases orders workflow electronic process, include quicker, more efficient and correct procurement, enhancing overall supply chain visibility and competence and combined business processes. Technology is the main support for all business processes across modern corporations. Electronic process using available technology has become fundamental substance that creates, supports, and constrains the business processes in all most important organizations. (Sehgal V. , 2010) Understanding what is working in the current process what needs to be improved and the lessons learned from that understanding will guarantee that automation of purchase orders workflow process will improves operations management, creating a competitive advantage. For SRG the use of the workflow system for non-stock purchase orders approvals aids to guarantee that documents are managed and approved in a constant and effective routine. (Sehgal V. , 2010) Project related literature summary 3.1 Focus on MBA Specialization: Operation Management A literary review for this project has focussed on Operation Management, process design and analysis from the current MBA course. An initial understanding of the project subject is based on the textbook for Operations Management, Suresh N. Kumar, 2009 and Operations and Process Management; Principles and Practice for Strategic Impact, Slack, N, Brandon-Jones, A, Johnston, R Betts, A 2012. Monks, 2004 (cited on Suresh N. Kumar, 2009, p.9) outlines that Operations Management as the process whereby resources, flowing within a defined system, are collective and converted by a organized way to add value in accord with policies communicated by management. Recognition and constant valuation of process change are encouraged through an innovative situation. (Grover V, 2008). The Operations Management goals can be classified into customer service and resource Utilisation. (Suresh N. Kumar, 2009). Management by processes offers utensils which might improve and restructure workflow as they contemplate the requirements of the participants involved (customers, shareholders, staff, suppliers,). (Climent C, Mula, J Hernandez, 2009). Other areas in the literature consist of business process reengineering, Hammer and Champy (1993, p. 32), cited on (Wang W. Chan H K. Pauleen D, 2010) BPR is the important rethinking and essential redesign of business processes to accomplish improvements in critical existing procedures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed. A preliminary list of relevant literature is referenced in section 7. Planned Methodology 4.1 Method This proposal is for a case of study to evaluate the implementation of purchase orders workflow process within financial system, using interviews for primary data as styled by Saunders. M. Lewis P Thornhill, 2016. Data Collection A rational methodology will be used to analyse the qualitative research method in conjunction with the existing literature. This project will attempt to deliver a best solution to the issue outlined. Thus, primary data will be collected from interviews with currents system users, managers and purchases orders requesters and creators. Secondary data will be collected from internal company documents such existing delegation of authority policy, current workflow for non-stock purchases orders approval, purchases orders documents created and approved in the last twelve months. A sequence of structure interviews having eight questions based on obtaining a better understanding of the current process will be conducted to allow qualitative data to be composed. Twenty (20) minutes interviews will be piloted with 6-8 employees (that includes purchases orders creator and approvers, purchases orders requestors, managers across the organization). Review and analysis of the interviews and documentation will give indication of current process weaknesses in order to provide relevant recommendations. 4.3 Process Ethical Considerations This project will fulfil with the requirements of ethical conduct of research defined in the project learning materials. Interviews will follow ethical rules and all interviewees will sign consent forms as per the AIB guidelines and National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 2007. This project will fall into the low risk as per the AIB project learning materials guidelines. Interview participants will be treated as per guidelines and will not be identified in the report. 5.1 Consent forms: The AIB Project Proposal Research Ethics Sheet is attached as appendix A. An executed organisational consent form is attached as appendix B Interviewees will be asked to provide their written consent using AIBs individual Consent form attached as Appendix C and will accompany the project draft. Schedule of Completion The author expectation is to complete this Project within three month from the date obtain an approval. Specific milestone are as follows: Literature review commence by 03 Jan 2017 Project Proposal submission by 19 Jan 2017 Data Research and Collection commences 13 Jan 2017 Writing of draft commences 30/01/2017 Submission of draft 27/03/2017 Submission of final project by 07/04/2017

Gillette :: essays research papers

Gillette is leading worldwide home applicants, such as razor, battery, electronic and manual toothbrush, manufacturing company. On April 14, 1998, the company introduced the world’s first triple blades razor and begun to sell July 1, 1998 in the United States and September in the Western Europe. Since Gillette launched new razor in 1998, the company expected high returns in short-term; however, the result of the new product has been defined yet. SWOT ANALYSIS - Key Learning The areas of the internal factors are Finance, Management, Manufacturing, Market position, Personnel, and Research & Development. All these factors can be defined as either strengths or weakness or both. First of all, the company as a whole gained net sales amount of 10.1 billion dollars and net income of 1.4 billion dollars for the 1997 due to acquire leading battery company â€Å"Duracel† in 1996 and grow of â€Å"Sensor Excel† razor. As a result, company could spend 1 billion dollars to invent â€Å"Mach 3† which is triple blades razor. Even though Gillette had sufficient fund to invent the new product, the company took high risk of financial side that if the new product’s sale does not reach to company’s expectation, the company will face shortage of capital resources and can be lead to bankruptcy. But if Mach3 turn out to be a New Coke or McDonald’s Arch Deluxe – much-hyped new products that were mostly duds and fizzle- the gloom will be heavy from Gillette’s corporate headquarters in Boston’s Back Bay to the South Boston factory that Gillette has overhauled to produce 600 million Mach3 blade cartridges per year, or about half of Gillette’s annual target of 1.2 billion Mach3 blades. (Boston Globe, 4/15/98) Since Gillette introduced "Mach3" in April, the company changed its manufacturing tools to produce Mach3 South Boston's factory. Gillette already spent 300 million dollars for advertising and promotion worldwide for the year that company introduced new product. The amount is twice as much as the company put for advertising "Sensor Excel" in 1989. Gillette released the new product to retail stores on July 1, 1998, and starts to advertise on TV and the other media six weeks later; however, many people went to the company's web site to look at the new product. Even though company spent tremendous amount of fund for the advertising, some people from Asia did not recognize the product according to our group's survey. For customers, there are satisfaction and complaints for Mach3. People, who satisfied with Mach3 according to our survey, said there are less irritation and faster shaving time. Customers who complaint about Mach3 argue that they do not want to spend more money on better outlook. According to our survey, one hundred percent of

Savannah and Chloe Essay -- Personal Narrative Friendship Essays

Savannah and Chloe Have you ever watched a friendship fall apart? It’s an interesting thing to experience. What’s truly amazing is that there are obvious signs, but few people recognize them in time to stop it. This is what happened to me. This is the friendship that I watched slide through the cracks. This is my story. Savannah and I had been friends since the second grade. We lived next door to each other. We were in the choir together. We walked home from school together. We were inseparable. We were often referred to as one person. We were no longer individuals. Like Mary-Kate and Ashley, we became Savannah and Chloe. I remember those years well. Savannah would be outside with her sister, and without a second thought would run through our front door to grab something to eat or go to the bathroom. The same privileges were given to me. I would charge through her front door without a moment’s hesitation. This was just the way we lived our lives. It was expected of us. After all, we were Savannah and Chloe. This plot continued through elementary school and into the summer before our sixth grade year. Our lives had been relatively simple until that time. School. Choir. Friendship. That was all we had to worry about. That is, until that fateful day when my mother told me that she had met someone. It had always been just her and me. So once Jack came into the picture, life took on a completely different aura. Not only did I acquire a new stepfather, but two stepsisters as well. This sudden multiplication of people created chaos. I began spending more time with my family, getting to know the newest members. Savannah quickly became friends with my step siblings. We all spent time together ... ... since that night. She got married in April of 2004. I wasn't there. I couldn't bring myself to watch from the outside. Since the moment we met, we had based our relationship on all or nothing. I couldn't be just another face in the crowd. I've heard that Savannah is living a happy life with Mark. They bought a house and are planning on starting a family. There have been times that I've wanted to call her, but I know our relationship would never be the same. She is a different person now and so am I. I've grown up. I've realized that relationships aren't always durable. I've learned that the people you love the most can hurt you the most. I’ve learned that sometimes you wake up and friendships are over. You are no longer a part of their life. You are now a part of their past. A fond memory. A distant thought. Whatever you call it, it is the past.

In Great Expectations, Is Miss Havisham crazy and/or evil? Essay

In Great Expectations, Is Miss Havisham crazy and/or evil? The mad,eccentric and incredibly peculiar Miss Havisham,a wealthy dowager who lives in an old, rotting mansion secluded from the outside world is certainly one of the most memorable creations in the book Great Expectations written by Charles Dickens. From the first introductory scene on encountering Miss Havisham’s character it is immediately clear that she is supposed to leave a lasting impression on the reader. Dickens uses a vast variety of imagery and word choice to describe the appearance of the house in which Miss Havisham lives . Satis house,as it was called, emits an ominous presence with its old brick walled up windows and many iron bars.This gives the sense that outsiders where not entirely welcome and rarely visited. The room in which she sat was vividly described as dark with â€Å"no glimpse of daylight.. to be seen† and furnished with many old and unrecognisable objects .The vivid setting is emphasised by the young boy,Pip, who narrates this entire experience and describes Miss Havisham at first as â€Å"the strangest lady I have ever seen or shall ever see.†. The cause or her peculiarity? A single, tragic event which was to take over Miss Havishams life for ever.Her life is defined by the jilting of her fiancà ©e and lover Compeyson and from that moment forth her world has been one based around heartbreak and betrayel thus, casting herself away from the realms of reality. From the exact moment in time when she first learnt Compeyson was gone, the old woman stopped all the clocks from ticking and fixed them at twenty minutes to nine. This links into her somewhat dishevelled appearance at a first glance for only one shoe was upon her f... ...her parting from her†. In conclusion Miss Havisham was neither crazy, nor was she evil. She was mentally ill, driven to insanity with love and pain, with nobody to care for her. She was a confused lady, with nowhere to turn; therefore, she created her own fictional world where nothing changed and her own experience of emotional betrayal cast a prolonging shadow over her entire life. Dickens illustrates the fact that interpersonal and family relationships are forever changing, as remaining still only leads to tragedy. Her character draws in the reader as her peculiarity is mysterious, interesting and somewhat chilling as she is just that little bit different. Charles Dickens uses an exceptionally vast amount of word choice and word imagery to give us this unforgettable impression of one of the most memorable characters ever created in English literature.

How does Edger Allan Poe Use Language to Create a Sense of Drama Intention Essay

â€Å"The Tell Tail Heart,† by Edger Allan Poe, is a novel in which tension and expectation play essential roles to the reader’s experience. The audience, generally well educated widely read adults, would appreciate this novel as a recollection of a clearly insane man. In order to â€Å"tell you the whole story†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Poe has written somewhat of an early psychological thriller, creating a mental portrait of a mad protagonist, who details the killing of an old man, and later hears his victims ‘relentless heartbeat.’ The opening sets up a contrast of sanity versus insanity, creating a psychological chaos that enraptures the reader. Drama intention is portrayed through a variety of ways, all working cohesively with one another to create an over all sense of embossed insanity and powerful emotion. The way in which the opening is written gives the reader an immediate clue to the mental state of the protagonist. The very first line; â€Å"True! – nervous – very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?† uses all three tenses within one shortened period. This reflects the narrator’s excitement, suggesting that his mind is jittery, jumping about with different thoughts and ideas. An elevated use of punctuation reinforces this effect, as it means the text does not flow, creating sentence fragmentation, allowing the reader to comprehend the elevated mental state of the protagonist. It is not yet made clear to the reader as to why the narrator is excited in this manner, he appears to be worked up about something, causing the reader to grow curious and excited themselves about the prospect of finding out what is causing his fuss. Poe has used the tactic of withholding information strongly within the first paragraph, causing the monologue to become somewhat of a gradual revelation. This allows Poe to hold the reader in suspense, consequentially creating a heightened level of dramatic tension. Written in a first person narrative, it is made very clear that the monologue is of the form of a speech to the reader. This effect is achieved by the extensive use of punctuation and colloquial terminology. As it is a monologue, there is a suggestion or effect that he is confessing his thoughts to the reader. This means that the piece is almost as if we can see into the mind of the protagonist. Allowing the reader to see a unique view of the thoughts and feelings of another. The form of the text is not over zealous or important, however the contrast of the content and the form is very clear. The piece is written in standard, respectable paragraphed prose, contrasting the disturbing and gruesome content of the novel. The language employed, and the literary devices it is used within, is the primary way in which Poe has succeeded in creating this suspenseful piece. Punctuation is used to great effect, embellishing the sentences to create the narrative confession of the protagonist. Extensive use of exclamation marks, hyphens, and semi colons are all relied upon to create sentence fragments and colloquial, broken text. The reader is given an immediate sense of excitement and instability; in â€Å"True! – nervous- very very dreadfully nervous.† This suggests that the protagonist is jumpy and in a chaotic mental state. As an opening this proves to be attention gauging, as the reader is unaware of the motive for excitement. This is extended throughout by a heightened use of fragmentation through hyphens. The line, â€Å"Sharpened my senses – not destroyed – not dulled them† reiterates the form of a monologue, reinforcing the idea of speech to the reader, using the sentence fragment as a chance to find some self affirmation. Therefore the reader is allowed to see the within the mind of the criminal, giving them a unique insight to the way he thinks – allowing greater involvement and understanding from the reader. This is an unlikely experience as the protagonist shows signs of mental instability and therefore would create a very interesting subject for the reader to asses from a psychological point of view. An extensive vocabulary and heightened lexis is employed throughout the piece, suggesting that the piece is aimed at the well educated adult. The majority of the novel is comprised of Standard English, with a small number of colloquialisms spread throughout, allowing the protagonist to appear both educated and well-spoken. This creates an interesting contrast to his actions, as it is not the norm to have well educated, (supposedly well judged and reasoned) people committing a very irrational act such as murder. The monologue is written in the form of a conventional novel, but primarily in the form of a narrative first person. Hints of confession to the audience are found, intertwined with the use of direct address, with colloquial terms such as â€Å"Ha!† and the use of rhetorical questions, for example â€Å"why will you say that I am mad?† Poe has used these devices to thoroughly involve the audience within the piece. The result of this is that the reader is manipulated to feel like part of the story and therefore feel the tension created at a greater effect. Poe has employed various forms of imagery within the piece. He describes that the â€Å"hinges creaked† on the old wooden door. This is a little clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d however acts very successfully in creating a picture within the mind of the reader. This is done by almost sub-consciously relating back to children’s stories, where an old creaking door would make the entrance to a spooky castle in which an evil witch lived. This very definite image of the eerie or spooky, reinforces that the novel is somewhat of a refined horror. Creaking doors are often used to create a dramatic atmosphere, and Poe has clearly played on this link and used it to his advantage to create a scary situation for the reader. Animal imagery, coupled with an extended metaphor is also used to great effect. It is suggested that the old man that is to be killed is in possession of an â€Å"evil eye.† This eye becomes the protagonist’s excuse for killing the man, and so it is capitalised upon as a reason. This develops into an extended metaphor when it is referred to as a â€Å"vulture eye† and later, it is suggested that his eye â€Å"resembled that of a vulture.† A vulture is an animal commonly associated with evil and malice. This provokes a similar reaction or opinion of the old man from the narrator, however the reader is still left considering the sanity of the protagonist, and therefore is more reluctant to hold the same opinion as him over the justification of killing the old man. The irrational killing about to happen is used to put the reader on edge, creating intense suspension and a heightened expectation of the approaching events. Clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s provide an interesting platform on which Poe entertains the reader. â€Å"My blood ran cold,† provides a very clear sense of the emotional situation of the protagonist. This allows us to observe the effect that the eye has on the narrator. â€Å"Blood ran cold† suggests fear and apprehension, as this is a very human emotion, the reader has a rare chance to sympathise with the protagonist. This is somewhat ironic as the narrator is very far from the stereotypical hero, and yet the reader is ready to find an appealing quality in the character. In order to interpret the piece properly the reader must pay close attention to both the syntax and the repetition of language, used conjunctively to create a dramatic effect. â€Å"Object there was none, passion there was none† is a primary example. The repetition of â€Å"none† creates a very distinctive rhythm, whilst the double use of five syllable sentence fragments forms a very recognisable syntax. In this case it creates a sense of ruthlessness and suggests that the protagonist will stop at nothing in order to achieve his goal. Repetition of â€Å"closed† in â€Å"closed closed† creates emphasis on the words, displaying to the reader his self affirmation that his actions are good. This is reinforced by the use of â€Å"oh so cunningly† making it clear that (in his opinion) he is very skilled at what he is doing, and consequentially commending his efforts. This is further enhanced by the narrator’s egocentricity. Use of â€Å"I† is extensive throughout, (which is partially natural during a monologue) however, it is used to such an extent that the reader is led to believe that the protagonist is almost obsessed with himself and his own actions, reiterating the previous suggestion of psychological instability. The author has included various forms of irony within the novel. The narrator is seen â€Å"inquiring how he (the old man) had passed the night† – explaining how he asks the old man how his night was even though he already knows, seen as he was there and watching him in his sleep. This involves the reader as they feel as if they are let in on a secret (seen as they know that the narrator was with the man last night) making the reader feel involved as they are aware of a secret of which another character is not – raising tension and expectation. Further use of direct address to the reader, is that narrator suggests to the reader that â€Å"you fancy me mad.† This forces audience intervention, we are expected to assume, or are at least are accused of assumption that the narrator is mad. This means that the audience are forced to participate, further involving the reader within the story. By this statement Poe has grouped the reader with the rest of the characters within the novel, suggesting they are a collective of people who doubt his sanity. This is in fact true as the protagonist is clearly insane. Syntax plays a key role in the way in which this novel is read. It is clearly set, and easily recognisable throughout the text, varying in both tempo and patterning. Definite patterns in language are used; â€Å"I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell.† creating a very obvious rhythm in which the words are read, also further enforcing the very bleak and ruthless appearance to his actions. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† a horror story of crime and murder, can easily be recognised as a heavily dramatic novel. Poe, In consequence to the timing in which it was written, has created a strongly macabre piece, that in its day was probably very horrific and shocking. The way in which society has adapted to accept more and more gruesome revelations means that this tale may not be so shocking to the modern day reader, but was quite a feat in its time. It is however, still evident that the novel, in particular the opening, contains many devices employed in conjunction with one another to create a sense of drama intention. This is used to great effect, causing the reader to appreciate the dramatics of the novel, whilst becoming deeply involved with the plot.

A Little Wiggle Room

Today we will be looking at two articles written by University of California Psychology Director Craig Haney.   He specializes in the assessment of institutional environments especially the psychological effects of incarceration.He has written several scholarly articles and is involved in many research projects mostly specializing in the effect of incarceration and overcrowding, making headway into the understanding of the effect an overtaxed system has on an individual.He looks at issues such as recidivism, prison violence, mental and emotional disorders and the long term effect of solitary or supermax facilities when inflicted on lower security inmates due to overpopulation.In these two articles entitled â€Å"The Wages of Prison Overcrowding† and â€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional Reactions† I believe Haney tries to not only explain the great toll that overcrowding has on an individual as well as the taxpayer, but offers solutions to ease out of the current trend spending more tax dollars converting facilities into sleeping quarters.â€Å"There is a clear association between the restriction of living space and the occurrence of disciplinary violations.† (Haney 2)   Haney goes on to point out the fact that when a prison is filled beyond its capacity, there is less of everything to go around, causing hoarding, violence and tension between prisoners.Prisoners are forced to do without basic necessities such as showers and toilets being forced to wait for availability increasing tension inside the facility.Guards are left unable to control the already agitated population caused when people who may already be lacking social skills necessary to function in everyday life are forced to live in close quarters with others.   The current solution most prisons call for is more staff, better armaments for the staff, and better punitive measures with which to control the inmates, making the prison more painful and h armful to the inmates.Areas normally reserved for recreational facilities make way for bed space with basic security contributing to inmate idleness and inactivity further worsening the problem.The prisoners are left with less to do and less outlets for releasing tension, the rates of prisoner animosity towards each other rises, as well as towards the guard’s.Facilities generally used to rehabilitate prisoners, such as education and prison work facilities are transformed into bed space, leaving prisoners with unfilled needs, adding to the problem of recidivism.He has shown that a majority of prisoners read at or below a third grade level calling them â€Å"marginally literate† (Haney 5) and points out they leave prison in very much the same condition.Unprepared and therefore unable to function as normal productive citizens with a lack of education and basic job skills, they return to their old ways and end up back inside the system in much the same condition they left prison in.  In his articles Haney attempts to inform not just his fellow scholars, but also the individual states and penal systems on the effects they are having on the people theYincarcerate.How being pushed through a system too overworked to notice a prisoner with special needs such as mental of emotional disabilities can have a serious effect on the people they are forced to live in close quarters with.   This eventually leads to a breakdown of the prisoner moral, leading to dissention, and prison violence.These articles are a great starting point for any discussion into prison life, recidivism, prison overcrowding or assessments on how tax dollars should be spent.   I share the author’s belief that if nothing is done and eventual breakdown of the prison system is inevitable.He points out that the current solution, bringing in more weapons and more brutal tactics by guards can have an even worse effect on the individual prisoner, causing low risk inmates into recidi vism.   Tactics that enforce order and control over inmates rather than improving living conditions often worsen violence inside prison walls.Rather than deal with the issues that caused the potential violence in the first place they fight fire with fire.  Ã‚   While (overcrowding) â€Å"is not the only cause of the sometimes dangerous conditions and potential for abuse that exists in many of our nation’s prisons, it is a central and critical issue that must be effectively addressed if these other problems are to be solved.† (Haney 12)SourcesHaney, Craig. â€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Consequences and Dysfunctional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reactions.† prisoncommission.org. 2 Nov 2008. Commission of Safety and Abuse inAmericas Prisons. 3 Feb. 2009 Haney, Craig. â€Å"The Wages of Prison Overcrowding: Harmful Psychological  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consequences and Dysfunctional Correctional Reactions.† http://law.wustl.edu/. 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dec. 2008. Washington U niversity Law School. 3 Feb. 2009.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚